International Currency And International Trade - 1385 Words

International currency basically means the currency that is used and held beyond the borders of the issuing country, not merely for transactions with that country’s residents but also, and importantly, for transactions between nonresidents (Kenen 2009). For a country that have an international currency, it would meet various benefits and costs which could be analyzed from both economic and political dimensions. It has be argued (Cohen 2012)that the main advantages is related to transactions costs, international seigniorage macroeconomic flexibility, political leverage and reputation. With the internationalization of the currency .the domestic currency can be directed used for international trade valuation, payment and settlement. The foreign trade sector can use domestic currency settle the import and export business, the domestic financial Institutions and enterprises can borrow, make up international deficit with domestic currency to reduce the risk of exchange rate. So both the transactions costs in trade and for residents can be reduced. Seigniorage could be counted as revenue for a government when the money that is created is worth more than it costs to produce it, the issuers of an international currency can gain extra seigniorage because foreigners hold large amount of domestic currency in exchange for traded goods and services .And the issuing country raises asset price and creates liquidity premium-interest rate subsidy. The country can enhance its internationalShow MoreRelatedForeign Currency And International Trade1590 Words   |  7 PagesCooperation or Hegemony The main consequence of an exchange rate fluctuation for international trade is the risk for an exporter or an importer that the cost of foreign currency applied in business volumes will differ from the hoped and calculated. An exposition to foreign currency and a currency risk can make additional profits, and not just losses. However, being in an exposition to currency means relying on a case and most of businesspersons prefer not to allow their company being sensitive toRead MoreEco372International Trade and Finance Speech903 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Trade and Finance Speech ECO/372 June 7, 2012 International trade and finance speech Hello ladies and gentlemen hope you day is going well so fair. My name is Linda, I wanted to come out and speak with about the International trade and finance I will be handing out a booklet that show you what I will talking about if you should have an question write the down and I will try address them allRead MorePolitical Factors That Affect International Business1020 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors that affect international business include† (Justin Ervin. Zachary Smith A.2008). One significant political environmental factor that influences international business operation is trade agreements. Countries frequently enter into trade treaties to further facilitate trade between themselves. Case in point, a European Union consisting of countries like France, Germany and Italy where the organizations of these member states can with few legal requirements, these international business haveRead MoreInternational Finance, Exchange Rates And Also Balance Of Payments1650 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be going over and discussing what international finance, exchange rates and also balance of payments. I will be talking about what they are, what they do, and how they affect us an economy and country. I will be discussing the basic definitions, and the basic concepts of their duties. First I will be going over international finance and the role it plays in our daily lives. Then I will discuss the price differences between items in the United States and Germa ny. I will add andRead MoreWhat Happens When There Is a Surplus of Imports Brought Into the Us1065 Words   |  5 PagesInternational Trade and Finance Speech What happens when there is a surplus of imports into the U S: A surplus of imports is good for consumers but bad for local business. We have to produce and manufacture in order to export. As our export trade shrinks, so does our workforce and economy. The surplus of imported cars for 2012 has exceeded the exportation by $152 billion. Also the shelf life of cars is 1 year. Every year at the end of the cycle the existing models are sold off at huge discountsRead MoreExplain How the International Trade Flows Should Initially Adjust in Response to the Changes in Inflation (Holding Exchange Rates Constant).645 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment #1: The International Financial Environment. Explain how the international trade flows should initially adjust in response to the changes in inflation (holding exchange rates constant). Explain how the international capital flows should adjust in response to the changes in interest rates (holding exchange rates constant). International trade flows are the exchange of goods and services for money between different countries. It is referred to as sales which cross juridical bordersRead MoreCurrency Crisis in China888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chinese yuan is the official currency of the Peoples Republic of China. It is an emerging currency that some think will vie for an alternative to the US dollar or the Euro as a leading currency in the international foreign exchange markets. The United States is the leading economy in the world and has been for decades. The US dollar is the most used currency in the world. Several countries besides the United States use it as their official or de facto currency. China’s economic policy is basedRead MoreThe United States Macroeconomy867 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic period since the Great Depression of the 1929-1933. Like then, the current economy is linked to several internal concerns, but is also influenced by several external features, mostly revealed by its economic relationships with the various international partners. At this level, it is necessary to understand the national economy as the intersection of national politics, national economic affairs, but also global politics and economy. Today, in the era of globalization, not the United States orRead MoreInternational Trade Simulation and Report1417 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Trade Simulation and Report International trade is the exchange of goods, capital, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries this trade represents a significant share of their (GDP) gross domestic product. This type of trade has political, economic, and social importance to all nations involved. There are many factors surrounding international trade, such as, advantages, limitations, foreign exchange rates, and others. As we review these factors,Read MoreInternational and Global Trade Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAs Ron Wyden states, â€Å"Trade wars are not started by countries appealing to respected, independent trade authorities. Rather, trade wars begin when one country decides to violate international trade rules to undercut another country’s industries.† International trade comes from when one country is needy and another country can provide something another country needs. Global Trade, during the recession, fell 20 percent in 2009. In a study conducted after the recession the trade collapse was caused by

How To Stop Anti-Study Procrastination (part 2) Free Essays

If you’re currently writing your dissertation or summer thesis, then you will know how challenging it is to try and keep yourself focused. With so many distractions around, it can be too easy to end up procrastinating rather than actually doing any work! So what to do? Well, today we look at another set of useful actions and behaviours you can use to make the revision period more manageable! Surround Yourself with Motivated People Hang out with people who inspire you to take action. I’m pretty sure if you spend just 10 minutes talking to Steve Jobs or Bill Gates, you’ll be more inspired to act than if you spent the 10 minutes doing nothing. We will write a custom essay sample on How To Stop Anti-Study Procrastination (part 2) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The people we are with influence our behaviours. Identify the people/friends/colleagues who trigger you – most likely the go-getters and hard workers – and hang out with them more often. Soon you will inculcate their drive and spirit too. Get a revision buddy Having a companion makes the whole process much more fun. Ideally, your buddy should be someone who has his/her own set of goals. Both of you will hold each other accountable to your goals and plans. While it’s not necessary for both of you to have the same goals, it’ll be even better if that’s the case, so you can learn from each other. Seek out someone who has already achieved the outcome. What is it you want to accomplish here, and who are the people who have accomplished this alreadyGo seek them out and connect with them. Seeing living proof that your goals are very well achievable if you take action is one of the best triggers for action. Re-clarify your goals. If you have been procrastinating for an extended period of time, it might reflect a misalignment between what you want and what you are currently doing. Often times, we outgrow our goals as we discover more about ourselves, but we don’t change our goals to reflect that. Get away from your work (a short vacation will be good, else just a weekend break will do too) and take some time to regroup yourself. What exactly do you want to achieveWhat should you do to get thereWhat are the steps to takeDoes your current work align with thatIf not,what can you do about it? Just do it. At the end, it boils down to taking action. You can do all the planning you want, but if you don’t take action, nothing’s going to happen. Whatever it is you are procrastinating on, if you want to get it done, you need to get a grip on yourself and do it. How to cite How To Stop Anti-Study Procrastination (part 2), Essay examples

Business Model Enabling Value Creation

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Enabling Value Creation. Answer: Introduction Globalization and competition in global business has led to business adopting various strategies and developing a business model for them. The scope of business model allows structure for businesses as well as entrepreneurs to develop a framework for handling tasks(Zott C. A., 2011). There are vast number of research and study conducted in the area of business model that can deliver a business values on the basis of structure and governance. Business model for businesses enables development of a structure which can be applied on managers and leaders which they can implement in order to deliver greater values to customers as well. An interconnected framework of structures and governance allows competing within the industry as well. It incorporates conceptualization for the future sustainability of businesses. A business model allows devoted resources of the organization to meet the strategic goals and objectives. Thus, the strategic goals acts as a key driving force behind formation o f the business model and in defining its structure. Designing for a business model integrates operations, sourcing, strategies, structures for utilization of commercial opportunities allowing for extraordinary growth for firms. A business model allows creating framework which further incorporates a firms capturing of economic, social as well as cultural values for its business. A business model helps solve dynamic and static problems for businesses and to undertake innovation as a key system. Thus, the scope of this current essay evaluates the scope of business model, ways that it can solve static and dynamic challenges in business and the way it can perform as a system itself. For the purpose of evaluation Kodamas (2009), Zott and Amits (2010) work has been taken tinto account. Analysis According to Schloderer Mezias, (2016), there are many arguments of many scholars regarding the business model concept, basically business model helps an organisation to build their business structure successfully. There are two kinds of elements of a business model, such as business system or the profit model. These two elements can be helpful to make the proper business model. However, the business system builds the business or organisation structure and the profit model takes care of the profitability of the business as well. The profit model also helps organisation to make competitive strategies to compete with the rivals companies. So that business model always has the focus to build the business or firm structure in a proper way (Zanella et al. 2016). Conceptualized business models have the involvement in understanding the proper business models. As business models help organizations to enhance the market value of the company with competitive advantage, hence this conceptualized model helps organizations to make the concepts understand with the help of composition concepts Gassmann et al. 2016). As per early discussion, there are two elements of the business model so that one element can be understood as the profit model or system so that the profit model helps the business model to understand and calculate the each and every terms of the business. The scope of this current article, it can be seen that there is a difference between business model and the business system. And the business system is more focused on the real-time business process and structure, and this system plays twins roles in the business process at first it helps the organisation to calculate the strategies and diagrams mathematically. However the business model is the actual business system, therefore it can be said that the business system is a part of business model. According to Christensen, Bartman Van Bever, (2016), on the other hand, the business system helps the organisation to understand their partner in a proper way, as this system works on the understanding the outcome and procurement sources of a particular organisation. In this way the business systems helps the company to understand their actual partner who can be helpful to understand the partners who help the business to make their outcomes in a good manner. As sighted by the scholar Sauer et al. (2016), basically this system helps the company to understand their internally and externally outsources, therefore in this way they can make new innovative products after gathering the information about their outcomes and competitive advantage. On the other hand, this system also helps to keep control over the activities of trading partners so that in this process they can make a strategy wiry their partners to make innovative products. Figure 1: Business Model Framework Source: (Alexander, 2010) In this framework it can be clearly seen that the business model works in the organisation in many ways to develop the performance of that particular company. As per early discussion it works as a system as well so that the framework is based on that early discussion in the essay. In this essay it has been focused on the Zott and Amit's (2010), article, and where is a description about the business model in a proper way. This article focused on the business model innovation, basically business model innovation helps organizations to develop or choose new technologies in their business process. According to Massa, Tucci Afuah, (2016), along with this the BIM also provides new ideas to the company that can attract people towards the company. This article has the intention to develop the proper idea about BIM and business model as well. The authors have the argument on the exact capabilities of the business model. BIM increase the innovative designs and developing new products or serv ices(Anderson, 2016). Apart from this business model also develops the relationship of the organisation with their customers. As stated by Bitsch et al. (2017), the model increases the profitability of the organisation as well. The reason behind choosing this article is to understand the efficiency of the BIM and business model. In the below part there has given the framework of BIM that is related to this article. On the other hand this essay also based on the information about Itami and Nishino (2010) article as well. Figure 2: BIM Framework Source: (Zott C. a., 2008) In the first article Kodama (2009), there is a description about the creativity of the organisation and this creativity can be possible with the help of a business model. On the other hand, Zott and Amit (2010), said that the business model this the main part of a business process which works on the various path of a business. Itami and Nishino (2010), have said in the article this model increase the productivity and profitability of an organisation. There are the three arguments of three articles that can be seen to be analyzed. As there has been given three articles in the question but among those three articles I have found Zott and Amit's (2010), and Itami and Nishino (2010) articles helpful to understand the proper business model. As in those articles, there is a brief description of business innovation model, thus it helps me to understand the innovation process of a business model (DEspallier et al. 2017). As per this article, the business model is very efficient and without a proper business model, it is impossible for an organisation to increase their profit and adopt innovative products or services in their process. Recommendation and Conclusion After analyzing this essay it can be concluded that business model is the thing which provides a positive impact on the several parts of the organisation. In order to analyse proper business model, it can be seen that this model has many parts or ways such as BIM, profit model and so on. Thus to develop the structure of a company and to increase the profitability or on the other hand to make new partners of the company business model is always helpful. The partners of an organisation always find new opportunities for the company, so that the partners always can be helpful in a positive way for a company. Apart from this in this essay there has been chosen Zott and Amit's (2010), article to elaborate this model properly, there has been also given frameworks of this model as well. Organizations in order to expand and create more future scope for its businesses has to incorporate the concept of business models which allows them to establish competitive advantages easily. Though there ar e no stringent process that can help to form business model yet the structure and governance of an organization can guide for the same for creating business sustainability. Reference Lists Alexander, O. a. (2010). Business model generation. . Business Model Canvas, explanation and concept of the Business Model canvas, 89-107. Anderson, P. (2016). Nicolai J. Foss and Tina Saebi, eds.: Business Model Innovation: The Organizational Dimension.Administrative Science Quarterly,61(2), NP17-NP19. Bitsch, J., Brochstedt, S., Holm, A. H., Knudsen, A. (2017). The role of stakeholders in relation to the business model in the taxi industry.Proceedings of Pragmatic Constructivism,5(1), 3-17. Christensen, C. M., Bartman, T., Van Bever, D. (2016). The hard truth about business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,58(1), 31. DEspallier, B., Goedecke, J., Hudon, M., Mersland, R. (2017). From NGOs to banks: Does institutional transformation alter the business model of microfinance institutions?.World Development,89, 19-33. Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., Sauer, R. (2016). Conclusion: Opening up a New Debate on BMI. InExploring the Field of Business Model Innovation(pp. 107-111). Springer International Publishing. Gaus, O., Raith, M. G. (2016). Commercial transferA business model innovation for the entrepreneurial university.Industry and Higher Education,30(3), 183-201. Massa, L., Tucci, C., Afuah, A. (2016). A critical assessment of business model research.Academy of Management Annals, annals-2014. Rayna, T., Striukova, L. (2016). From rapid prototyping to home fabrication: How 3D printing is changing business model innovation.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,102, 214-224. Sauer, R., Frankenberger, K., Lingens, B., Gassmann, O. (2016). Spin-offs as Core Vehicles for Business Model Innovation: An Attention-Based View. Schloderer, F., Mezias, S. (2016). Knowing Pains: Identity Based Market Control and the Creation of the Hollywood Studio Business Model. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 10713). Academy of Management. Zanella, P., Verona, G., Cillo, P., Priem, R. L. (2016). The Microfoundations of Customer Involvement in Business Model Ideation and Development. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 14130). Academy of Management. Zott, C. a. (2008). The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance. Strategic management journal, 1-26. Zott, C. A. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research. . Journal of management, 37(4), 1019-1042.

Northanger Abbey Essay- Sanya Dua Essays - Literature, Fiction

Northanger Abbey Essay- Sanya Dua Jane Austin's 19th Century text Northanger Abbey critically evaluates the values associated with the stratified society of Regency England. Austen articulates the importance of social class in the Victorian era and how it characterizes people. She examines the social expectations of woman in the patriarchal society where her character subverts these social norms. Austin highlights the dangers of an overactive imagination due to exposure to gothic literature, where she subverts the cotemporary Romantic values, evincing the importance of keeping a balance between imagination and reality. Thus Austin illuminates the difficulties and expectations of the Regency era as demonstrated in her book Northanger Abbey. Outer appearances and social status were a crucial aspect of the hierarchal society in the Regency era, as dictated by the behaviour of characters in Northanger abbey. Austin utilises horatian satire through the characterisation of Mrs Allen who is a materialistic woman primarily concerned with outer appearances as comically seen through exaggeration in, "Mrs Allen congratulated herself, on having preserved her gown from injury. It would have been very shocking to have it torn". This can be further seen with John, who is constantly boasting about his horse and carriage to impress Catherine who remains uninterested, "look at my horse, did you ever see an animal so made for speed in your life". Austen emphasizes the importance of wealth and position in the Regency era and the actions people are willing to take in order to reach the upper class as advocated by the manipulations of Isabella Thorpe who transfers her "affection" from James to his wealthier and better positioned Captain Til ney as Catherine notes, "Isabella seemed an altered creature" noting that her heart had become an "object" that could be bestowed onto another. Also, Through the characterisation of General Tilney, Austen exposes the social concerns relating to status. He values social class highly and treats those of a lower social standing than himself with disdain and rudeness as elucidated in Catherine's' sudden ejection from the Abbey "hurrying her away without any reference to her own convenience" when he finds about her lack of wealth. He believes that marriage should occur within equal classes and initially believes Catherine is not acceptable highlighting a common issue for women as commodities for exchange in the Austen's society. Austen reflects, and exposes the constraining social expectations and limited rights of woman in the regency era through characters who reflect and subvert these social norms. Whilst Catherine often adheres to the rules of her society the third person omniscient narration often alerts the reader to characters who challenge the accepted codes of behaviour. Notably, the heroine Catherine subverts the traditional female traits by displaying masculine qualities as demonstrated in "she was fond of all boys plays, and greatly preferred cricket not merely dolls." Austen further portrays her as a realistic character when she is denied the attributes of a typical Regency heroine as advocated by listing in "she had thin awkward figure, sallow skin without colour." Through a satirical lens Austen highlights the importance and social expectation of having a partner to dance with through Catherine's revelation of "disappointment" when she struggles to find one, "she longed to dance, but she had no acquaintance in the room". Austen exposes the limited woman's role in the regency society where finding a wealthy and considerable man was the only vocation afforded them." Austen conveys how gender expectations can govern love as shown through dialogue, "No young lady can be justified in falling in love before the gentleman's love is declared." Austen demonstrates the roles and responsibilities of woman in Regency England as illustrated through Mrs Morland concerns for the marriage, "Catherine would make a sad heedless young housekeeper to be sure". Au sten educates us that there is more than outer appearances and woman should act rational as illustrated when Catherine rejects John and refuses to go on the carriage, "But indeed I cannot go. If I am wrong, I am doing what I believe to be right." Indicating that she did not give into social pressures imposed on her and made her own informed choices. Austen explores the the dangers of an overzealous imagination when exposed to gothic literature, articulating

speech codes essays

speech codes essays Campus speech codes like the one that got Eden Jacobowitz in trouble at the University of Pennsylvania do more to violate rights than to uphold them, and should be abolished. In the case of Jacobowitz its a simple sign of rules gone wild. While we need to protect the right of free speech we also need to understand that people can get carried away using that right while some people can scream and cry for the right to speak their minds they will also be the first ones to complain or make a scene that someone has offended them. We have to make or choose our words to not offend another person but to also get our point across to them. Everybody is created different so we see things in different lights so what is offensive to one person might not be the same for another. An example might be instead of Jacobowitz its some black guy and hes at the point where hes hanging out the window yelling shut up nigger. Now if he said that to someone they couldnt, no wouldnt do a thing because hes black and he can say it. But if a white or another colored person said the exact same thing he would be under the racial harassment because hes not black and nigger is referring to a colored person. So I think it depends on what is said. There seems to be tons of words that can be used the same way as the previous example. It depends on who says the slur, in what context, to someone of another race. In an ideal world if people would act with the same moral standards as when these laws were written we would have no senseless accusations. Since society has been demoralized to where swear words are the norm on TV shows at any given time of day. I believe that on instances like this, that when people are accused of doing things like this to where it would have a wide interpretation; it should be reviewed on a case by case basis. Since anybodys feelings can be hurt an...

Marine Life Definition, Examples and Careers

Marine Life Definition, Examples and Careers To understand marine life, you should first know the definition of marine life. Below is information on marine life, types of marine life and information on careers working with marine life. Definition of Marine Life The phrase marine life refers to organisms that live in salt water. These can include a diverse array of plants, animals and microbes (tiny organisms) such as bacteria and archaea. Marine Life Are Adapted to Life in Saltwater From the perspective of a land animal like us, the ocean can be a harsh environment. However, marine life are adapted to live in the ocean.  Characteristics that help marine life thrive in a saltwater environment include the ability to regulate their salt intake or deal with large quantities of salt water, adaptations to obtain oxygen (e.g., a fishs gills), being able to withstand high water pressures, living in a place where they can get enough light, or being able to adjust to a lack of light. Animals and plants that live on the edge of the ocean, such as tide pool animals and plants, also need to deal with extremes in water temperature, sunlight, wind and waves. Types of Marine Life There is a huge diversity in marine species. Marine life can range from tiny, single-celled organisms to gigantic blue whales, which are the largest creatures on Earth. Below is a list of the major phyla, or taxonomic groups, of marine life. Major Marine Phyla The classification of marine organisms is always in flux. As scientists discover new species, learn more about the genetic makeup of organisms, and study museum specimens, they debate how organisms should be grouped. More information about the major groups of marine animals and plants is listed below. Marine Animal Phyla Some of the most well-known marine phyla are listed below. You can find a more complete list here. The marine phyla listed below are drawn from the list on the World Register of Marine Species. Annelida - this phylum contains segmented worms. An example of a segmented marine worm is the Christmas tree worm.Arthropoda - Arthropods have a segmented body, jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton for protection. This group includes lobsters and crabs.Chordata - Humans are in this phylum, which also includes marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, sea otters, polar bears), fish, tunicates, seabirds and reptiles.Cnidaria - This is a diverse phylum of animals, many of whom have stinging structures called nematocysts. Animals in this phylum include corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens and hydras.Ctenophora - These are jelly-like animals, such as comb jellies, but they dont have stinging cells.Echinodermata - This is one of my favorite phylums. It includes such beautiful animals as sea stars, brittle stars, basket stars, sand dollars and sea urchins.  Mollusca - This phylum includes snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squids, and bivalves such as clams, mussels and oysters.Pori fera -  This phylum includes sponges, which are living animals. They can be very colorful and come in a diverse array of shapes and sizes. Marine Plant Phyla There are also several phyla of marine plants. These include the Chlorophyta, or green algae, and the Rhodophyta, or red algae.   Marine Life Terms From adaptation to zoology, you can find an often-updated list of marine life terms in the glossary here. Careers Involving Marine Life The study of marine life is called marine biology, and a person that studies marine life is called a marine biologist. Marine biologists may have many different jobs, including working with marine mammals (e.g., a dolphin researcher), studying the seafloor, researching algae or even working with marine microbes in a lab. Here are some links that may help if youre pursuing a career in marine biology: Information on Becoming a Marine BiologistHow Much Does a Marine Biologist Earn?How to Get a Marine Biology Internship References and Further Information Marine Education Society of Australasia. Marine Phyla. Accessed August 31, 2014.WoRMS. 2014. Animalia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.WoRMS 2014. Plantae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.

Distinction between Data, Information and Communication Research Proposal - 1

Distinction between Data, Information and Communication - Research Proposal Example Both the concept could be explained with a simple example. The result of the questionnaire could be said as data which does not convey any meaning until it is analyzed. After analyzing the data, it would provide meaning and could be further used to complete the report or survey. This analyzing is called Information which converts raw facts and figures into something meaningful which could be used for many purposes. Communication, on the other hand, means to exchange information between individuals and groups to provide them with knowledge regarding the information collected and to help them in decision making based on their experience and judgment. The information could be communicated through presentation, reports, speeches etc (Grey, 2009). Using data, information, and communication to increase efficiency and effectiveness Data, information and communication play an essential role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. Data provides the organization with raw facts and figures which doesn’t have any meaning or sense until the raw material is converted into something useful. This conversion includes processing, analyzing and presenting the data into a meaningful form. Once the data is converted into something useful (information) it is then communicated to all the employees included in a top, middle and bottom management (Hunsaker, 2005). Data, information, and communication each have their own importance. If data is not collected accurately it might lead to ineffective decisions as all the other steps are based on data. If the information is not properly processed, organized and analyzed it might change the direction of the organization. If the information is not communicated accordingly, there is a high chance of conflicts between the management and employees (Rees and Porter, 2008). Thus it could be said that data, information, and communication have their own importance in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. Taking an example of a questionnaire focused to gain insight from customers regarding the company’s product could explain the importance of data, information, and communication in an organization. If the company conducts research to gain insights into customers through the questionnaire, the facts and figures collected are called the data. If even a single factor figure is misjudged, the whole data collected would be useless. For a company, it is essential to collect the data according to the requirements. Gaining accurate facts and figures means that the process of analyzing and converting the facts and figures into meaningful information would be beneficial for the organization. It would provide the organization with information that it seeks. Communication plays an important role in the effectiveness and efficiency of an organization. Once information is gained it could be communicated with the management to make their judgment based on the information that is received through completed questionnaires. By this communication, the management is able to take effective and efficient decisions which enhance the chances of growth and success of an organization in the industry (Knights and Willmott, 2007).  

Data Center Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data Center Design - Research Paper Example Before designing the air cooled system, the amount of heat produced must be quantified. This is either in calories, joules, Tons or BTU. To determine the heat output of the system, the total quantity of heat produced by the hardware and their components when fully functional must be quantified. This hardware components include the Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS), the Information Technology Equipment, lighting and people working in the data center building. As it had been stated earlier, some of the hardware equipment to be used in the data center are NetApp 2050, HP C7000 Blade enclosure, and KVM. Each of this equipment has different minimum ventilation requirements. To install HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are several minimum requirements. For good efficiency of HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are different rack requirements. According to HP C7000 Blade enclosure documentation (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2010), HP C7000 Blade enclosure is optimized to work with 1000 0 series racks. Thus to facilitate adequate airflow and to allow for servicing, the spatial requirements below are considered. †¢Ã‚  A clearance of approximately 0.635 meters is left at the front part of the rack†¢Ã‚  At the back, a clearance of 0.762 meters is left to facilitate †¢Ã‚  In case of multiple racks, approximately 1.219 meters is left between the back of one rack and the rear of the adjacent racks. The design of HP C7000 Blade enclosure is in such a way that cool air is drawn into the system from the front part to cool the system.... Room ventilation The data center is composed of servers, routers, switches, among other hardware. All this are electronic devices which produces heat. This heat if not well eliminated, can destroy the electronic components in the hardware contained in the data center. Air – cooled systems are mostly used in data centers since most of the equipment are air – cooled. In this project, considering the number of hardware used and the software run on the systems, an air cooled system will be efficient. Before designing the air cooled system, the amount of heat produced must be quantified. This is either in calories, joules, Tons or BTU. To determine the heat output of the system, the total quantity of heat produced by the hardware and their components when fully functional must be quantified. This hardware components include the Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS), the Information Technology Equipment, lighting and people working in the data center building. As it had been s tated earlier, some of the hardware equipment to be used in the data center are NetApp 2050, HP C7000 Blade enclosure, and KVM. Each of this equipment has different minimum ventilation requirements. To install HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are several minimum requirements. For good efficiency of HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are different rack requirements. According to HP C7000 Blade enclosure documentation (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2010), HP C7000 Blade enclosure is optimized to work with 10000 series racks. Thus to facilitate adequate airflow and to allow for servicing, the spatial requirements below are considered. A clearance of approximately 0.635 meters is left at the front part of the rack At the back, a clearance of 0.762 meters is left to facilitate

Cultural Diversity in Organizations Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity in Organizations Essay Diversity has arrived as a descriptive word for the American lifestyle in the modern world. With increasing immigration of people from many countries, many races, and many cultural backgrounds to the United States, the country has become a nest of diversity. Several factors shape the fact that the workforce is becoming increasingly culturally diverse: women represent an increasing percentage in organizations; the difference in age is becoming more evident on all levels; due to continuously changing demands organizations are employing more and more people with diverse professional and specialist backgrounds; there is a growing number of immigrants having different customs, religions and cultures and finally, the ongoing globalization is causing an influx of a large number of expatriates, who comes from various countries in the world, also contributing with different values and cultures. This increasing cultural diversity is both an opportunity and a challenge. Diversity brings with it a wide range of creativity and fresh thinking into the system. Diversity is here, in the population, in the workforce and in the marketplace. Racism, discrimination in the workplace, social stratification, and conflicts in social lifestyles are all negative byproducts of diversity. Thus cultural diversity in America is a highly debated issue because of the numerous problems arising due to it. One of the most serious and explosive issues in the United States today is meeting the business goals within an environment of multicultural diversity. When companies fail to create a culture of diversity and inclusion effectively, the costs can be high – costs arising due to ‘diversity training† and settlement of discrimination lawsuits. Many well-known companies have spent millions of dollars on â€Å"diversity training,† after settling discrimination lawsuits totaling hundreds of millions of dollars. Moreover, diversity also raises issues of interpersonal relations and communications among employees. This fact is underlined by increasing discrimination and class action lawsuits. Diversity impacts every person, every project, and every transaction in todays business world. Some companies approach it in terms of the noticeable differences among people. What many fail to realize is that diversity is really about personal interaction and emotions, and creating a corporate culture that welcomes all kinds of differences. Managing Diversity: Managing diversity is all about approaching the issue proactively as a business opportunity. There needs to be a culture of diversity within the organization. One of the major obstacles in managing diversity is that many companies view diversity as a problem that needs to be solved. They just take a reactive approach. Supposing there is a lawsuit brought under the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, they just take an initiative that would solve the problem in the short run. Though this approach seems to be successful, in the long run, there is likely to be no impact on the corporate culture in a positive way. Such reactive approaches can negatively impact the workforce morale as they don’t appear to be a genuine commitment to diversity. The path to diversity is not always an easy one. One of the most common obstacles is resentment from white male managers who see diversity as threatening to them. Since diversity is typically framed to be about white women and people of color, the focus is rarely on examining what it means to be white and male, say Bill Proudman and Michael Welp, Partners at White Men as Full Diversity Partners LLC, a consulting firm based in Portland, Oregon. White men, and sometimes others, thus conclude that diversity is not about them† (Goffney, 2005) Another obstacle that can arise in a multicultural business environment is resistance to change. When new diversity programs are introduced, it is essential that the employees view it as a genuine effort. Hence, these diversity programs should be tailored to meet the needs of the company’s workforce and integrated into the daily environment. Any diversity initiative should be tied to the company’s bottom line. Even though top management may make the commitment to diversity, if the initiative is not tied explicitly to the company’s bottom line, it does not become a priority for middle managers. The diversity initiative should be integrated into the tools and processes they use to manage employees, including orientation, training and education, and interpersonal communication. If not, existing employees will not accept the diversity initiative and new employees are likely to get disillusioned with a taste of it. Top management must ensure that the commitment to diversity has buy-in at all levels of the organization by making diversity an integral part of company success. Yet another obstacle to managing diversity is that the diversity initiatives might be restricted to training alone and is left as an ‘HR issue†. This narrow focus results relegation of diversity to a single department and companies thus miss out on opportunities to improve and integrate the diversity initiative into other areas of the company. Any corporate initiative should be feedback based, dynamic and flexible. Else, there is the danger that the initiative will remain static. Too often diversity initiatives begin and end with the first efforts undertaken. Diversity and inclusion are part of company culture, and like the culture, diversity must continue to evolve (Adams and Ruch, 2006). Managing all these obstacles require the ability to value a diverse world. This means there should be individual assessment of beliefs about work values. People from differing backgrounds having different experiences bring to work the biases and â€Å"veils† as well as the strengths that arise out of cultural differences. To work effectively with persons from diverse backgrounds, it is necessary to understand others– people from other racial, ethnic and cultural heritages, and people whose values, beliefs and experience are different. This involves learning to recognize when new competencies are needed, knowing how to develop the requisite new competencies, and implementing the competencies effectively. Companies need to assess their state of diversity: What is the state of diversity in our company? Are we making the most of diversity? Do we speak with one voice with respect to diversity? Companies that ask these questions on a continual basis, set strategic goals, measure their progress and evolve their programs in sync with their overall organizational change will be the ones to leverage the full potential of diversity (Adams and Ruch, 2006). Individual Reactions to Diversity: Diversity may be viewed positively or negatively depending on the individual reaction to diversity. In a culturally diverse workplace, there is likely to be prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. This is because of self-fulfilling prophecies. The perceiver develops false belief about a person from a different cultural background. He then treats the person in a manner consistent with that false belief. Ultimately, the person responds to the treatment in such a way to confirm the originally false belief. Other negative reactions of individuals to diversity may include: tension among staff, distrust of anything new, gossip and rumor, open hostility or bullying, absenteeism, tarnishing of the agencys reputation, low staff retention rates, lack of response to customers and falling standards of service quality (NSW, 2006). In the positive sense, diversity that brings with it community language skills and cultural competencies can be seen as valuable assets to an agency (MSASS, 2006). Customer service improves when employees are able to tackle customers from a range of backgrounds. When employees are encouraged to learn from one another, their skills and knowledge are also enhanced. Diversity can reduce skill shortages at specific times. In a business, diversity gives the advantage of utilizing the language, international expertise and cultural knowledge of staff to identify successful export opportunities. When employees are encouraged to work in their areas of strength and capability, they are happier, more productive and more likely to stay with the agency. Productive diversity is based on the concept that there are potential economic benefits to be gained from valuing different experience, perspectives, skills and the cross-transfer and integration of these into the agency and local economy. Productive diversity makes good business sense in an environment where local diversity and global interconnectedness play a critical economic role (Muhr, 2006). Diversity effects on groups and teams: In the context of working in groups or teams, diversity seems to cause contrasting goals, miscommunication or inter-group anxiety, thereby prohibiting teamwork creativity. Miscommunication and the lack of a common language make it difficult for team members to engage in an exchange of ideas and questions, an exchange, which is essential for effective teamwork (Nahapiet Ghoshal, 1998). If individuals carry out negative stereotyping of outgroups it can prevent them from trusting and engaging with others and can threaten communication patterns within organizations. This is mainly due to a lack of common context and language usage. Anxiety in the team occurs when people identify themselves as placed among people belonging to different diversity categories. Thus, diversity will in this situation make it difficult for the individuals to identify with the team, since there is no unified perception of what values the team represents (Muhr, 2006). In a diverse work team, the values and perceptions of different diversity categories may be contrasting or even mutually exclusive, which is likely to bring about incongruence in goals. Incongruence in goals can limit communication, which is fundamental to the creation of interpersonal relationships and trust. Furthermore, goal incongruence may also prevent individuals from sharing and combining knowledge all together, if they are not able to reach agreement on common goals for pursuing such knowledge processes (Muhr, 2006). On the positive side, it has been shown that diversity in fact improves creativity by promoting variations, thinking out of the box and avoiding ‘groupthink’. Several analyses have shown that teams made up of people with different cultural and educational backgrounds, different personalities, different professional backgrounds and different skills are potentially more creative and innovative than relatively homogeneous teams. This is because diversity creates variations variations in perceptions, values, ideas, opinions, and methods, which are highly essential for developing a stimulating creative environment (Mohr, 2006). Conclusion: In the global economy today, most companies operate globally. Diversity of thought, culture, geography, race, and gender enables companies to deliver the best solutions to their customers and markets. Diversity pays off both internally and externally. A company that embraces diversity can offer a challenging and creative work environment, and as a result, can attract and retain top talent with diverse backgrounds. There is also a connection between diversity and increased productivity. Diversity also fosters organizational creativity. But despite these benefits of diversity, work teams will not truly benefit from diversity unless sufficient communication, trust and openness are nurtured in the organizational climate. The powerful advantage of embracing diversity in organizations is best brought out by the words of Ted Childs, IBM’s vice president of global workforce diversity. In a recent issue of Fast Company magazine, in a feature article was entitled: Difference is Power†, Ted Childs suggests that, No matter who you are, youre going to have to work with people who are different from you. Youre going to have to sell to people who are different from you, and buy from people who are different from you, and manage people who are different from you. This is how [companies] do business. If its (diversity) not your destination, you should get off the plane now (Meisner, 2006). Bibliography: Adams, Brandon and Ruch, Will (2006). Diversity as a core business strategy. http://www. versantsolutions. com/knowledgecenter/EB_DiversityAsACoreBusinessStrategy2. pdf NSW (2006). What is Diversity? http://www. eeo. nsw. gov. au/diversity/whatis. htm Muhr, Louise Sara (2006). Openness to Diversity –Turning conflict into teamwork creativity. Paper submitted for the 10th International Workshop on Teamworking. http://www. mau. se/upload/IMER/Forskning/Diverse/Muhr%5B1%5D. pdf Nahapiet, J. , Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2). MSASS (2006). Valuing a diverse World. http://msass. case. edu/downloads/academic/diverse. pdf Goffney, Phyllia (2005). Champions of Diversity. Essence. May 2005. http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_1_36/ai_n13660850 Meisner, Lora (2006). The American Quilt Workplace Diversity. http://career. thingamajob. com/general-career. aspx/The-American-Quilt-Workplace-Diversity. aspx

Pallas Athene Versus Minerva :: essays research papers

Pallas Athene Versus Minerva   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Goddess Athena has been an incredibly well-liked mythological character for centuries because of her complex personality and the values which are taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thought of as being the same person in both Greek and Roman stories alike, but this is not true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman and Greek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in both cultures. Rome acquired it's stories of mythology and religion from the Italians (who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths of deities were the same as the Greeks', but with a few changes. The Italians also gave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters. The Greeks came about with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving in some of their own characteristics as time went on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom she accidentally killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patron Goddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, and especially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was one of intelligence, sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logical and sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who were a society of warlike men, focused on Minerva's war capabilities and short temper. Both cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselves and best suited their needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specific people except for Her rivals. The Romans, however, formed a group of Immortals into the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These three assumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchers over the mortals. The Romans built a temple in honor of the Triad, named the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations have viewed one part of their religion and why they do so. There were logical reasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengths Pallas Athene Versus Minerva :: essays research papers Pallas Athene Versus Minerva   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Goddess Athena has been an incredibly well-liked mythological character for centuries because of her complex personality and the values which are taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thought of as being the same person in both Greek and Roman stories alike, but this is not true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman and Greek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in both cultures. Rome acquired it's stories of mythology and religion from the Italians (who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths of deities were the same as the Greeks', but with a few changes. The Italians also gave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters. The Greeks came about with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving in some of their own characteristics as time went on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom she accidentally killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patron Goddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, and especially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was one of intelligence, sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logical and sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who were a society of warlike men, focused on Minerva's war capabilities and short temper. Both cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselves and best suited their needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specific people except for Her rivals. The Romans, however, formed a group of Immortals into the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These three assumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchers over the mortals. The Romans built a temple in honor of the Triad, named the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations have viewed one part of their religion and why they do so. There were logical reasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengths

Health Literacy Essay

I. Background Child health is an essential indicator of the quality of life in developing countries. Mothers’ literacy is often positively associated with improved child health and nutritional status (Glewwe, 1999). The possession of literacy increases the ability of a mother or a family to acquire more knowledge. Improvements in child health are considered as the consequences of enhanced of mother’s knowledge. In short, literacy affects health, and health affects educational achievement (Grosse, 1989). Because the correlation between literacy, health, wealth and well-being is becoming increasingly important, it is crucial to include health literacy as skills required for an adult ‘to function’ in a community (Kickbusch, 2001). Health literacy has been recognized as a key outcome measure of health promotion interventions (Nutbeam, 1996). It can be categorized as basic/functional health literacy, communicative/interactive health literacy and critical literacy. Each level has different ‘autonomy and personal empowerment’. Individual attention is focused on developing the skills and confidence to make choices that enhance individual health outcomes (Nutbeam, 2000). As the highest level, critical literacy ideally will be achieved in which people have this capability to search for information, assess the reliability of that information and use that information to have a better control over their health determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001). Following this health literacy concept, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) define mother’s health literacy as ‘the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of women to gain access to, understand and use the information in ways that promote and maintain their health and that of their children’. In terms of literacy, Indonesia has a relatively high of literacy rate of 90% (UNICEF, 2007). However, people with adequate literacy for dealing with  familiar concepts and practices, such as household management can discover a considerable difficulty to understand unfamiliar issues, such as health care information (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For mothers, health literacy skills are important factors in predicting child health outcomes. Indonesia as a developing country still faces many child health problems. Infant, neonatal and under-5 mortality rate was relatively high (26, 17 and 34 per 1000 live births, respectively) in 2006. Child immunization coverage is still considerably low with measles coverage of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year-olds (WHO, 2009). Many studies show that low literacy is related with several adverse health outcomes (DeWalt, 2004). One of the ways to improve child health is likely by improving mother’s health literacy. Many recent studies have examined the impact of mother’s health literacy on child health (Sandiford, 1995). However, there are few studies focused on the barriers to mother’s health literacy. This study will investigate barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health and find solutions might overcome the barriers. II. Objectives 1. To investigate the level of mother’s health literacy in province of Aceh (functional, interactive or critical health literacy of mothers toward child health care, participation in child care programme in villages or sub districts, health seeking behaviours, efforts to gain access to health services). 2. To explore what barriers are there to improve mother’s health literacy on child health 3. To evaluate solutions that might overcome the barriers in order to enhance mother’s health literacy. 4. To create a model of intervention to improve maternal health literacy III. Methodology This research will be conducted in quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative methods will investigate the data about the mothers’ functional, interactive and critical health literacy toward the child health care, the utilisation of primary health care by mothers in terms of health seeking behaviour, child immunization coverage and monitoring of children’s nutritional status. The data will be collected by using structured questionnaires. The functional literacy will use the structured questionnaires of Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (Baker, 1999) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) (Bass, 2003) while the interactive and critical health literacy questionnaires will be designed by modifying the existing researches that study of maternal health literacy. Then, the results will be categorized by scoring into Inadequate, Marginal and Adequate health literacy. Before the questionnaire is used for the investigation, the validity and reliability tests will be performed. In the qualitative stage, I will conduct personal interviews and focus group discussions to find out the barriers and solutions to improve maternal health literacy. Semi-structured personal interviews will be used for mothers and health care staff (physicians, nurses and midwifes) from villages and sub-district health services. Respondents will be interviewed individually and privacy will be maintained during the interview. For focus group discussions, they will be purposively selected to ensure the maximum variation to ensure a diversity of views about barriers to improve mothers’ health literacy within the sample. For each group, initial contact will be made by a gatekeeper such as co-ordinator of village mother’s association, wife of head of village and village midwife. All groups will be facilitated by the researcher, recorded with the participants’ permission and will be fully transcribed. Sampling strategy Participant will be recruited from women who have children (younger or older children) in disparate geographical areas (social/cultural/ethnic mix) to look for contextual difference and from different level of education (no education, basic, advanced and higher education). The sample will be recruited purposively from the population data of department of health in Aceh. Women who are willing to participate, speak either Indonesia or Acehnese, and are articulate will be purposively selected for the qualitative study. For the quantitative study, respondents will be selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. All respondent selected will be assured that participation is voluntary. Data analysis The recorded interviews will be transcribed word for word into the language of the interview (Bahasa Indonesia, but Acehnese will be used as many people in rural areas cannot speak bahasa) and then translated into English. Categories for analysis of data will be identified at the beginning. The transcripts will be analyzed and allocated from each subject to various categories. Data will then be analyzed according to these categories. The quantitative data will be analized using SPSS statistical software version 19. 0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. Significance Indonesia is a developing country with a population of nearly 250 million. Low literacy and high fertility coupled with poor economy translates into high morbidity and mortality. Women and children are the most vulnerable segments in terms of health. It is important to improve maternal health literacy and other factors related to health services in order to increase child health care. It is a multi sector program that involves many stake holders including health department, medical education and community. It is important for medical education institution to educate their graduations of health promotion and health education against the current trend of medical education that is more likely to be a curative and specialist view. V. Others USA is a developed country and well known for its reputable universities especially for public health subjects. Health system in the US is different from Indonesia that will allow me to learn more about health education especially maternal health literacy in the US health system. The project will be conducted in three years. The detail of timeline can be found in the table below. Table 1. The timeline of research No| Years| Year 1| Year 2| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 1| Refine research question| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2| Preparation of proposal| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3| Literature review and process the local and university ethical issues| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 4| Produce the questioners | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5| Data collection| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6| Data analysis| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. No| Years| Year 3| | MonthsTasks| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 6| Data analysis (continued)| | | | | | | | | | | | | 8| Writing initial draft| | | | | | | | | | | | | 9| Proof reading | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10| Revision and hand in| | | | | | | | | | | | | References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling. 1999, 38:33-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Griffith CH. A Shortened Instrument for Literacy Screening. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2003,18:1036-1038. Glewwe. P. Why does mother’s schooling raise child health in developing countries? evidence from Morocco. The Journal of Human Resources. 1999; 34 (1): 124 – 159. Grosse R. N. Literacy and health status in developing counties. Annual Review Public Health. 1989; 34: 281 – 97. Kickbusch I. S. Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (3): 289 – 97. Nutbeam D. Achieving ‘best practice’ in health promotion: improving the fit between research and practice. Health Education Research. 1996; 11 (3): 317 – 26. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000; 15 (3): 259 – 67. Nutbeam D and Renkert S. Opportunities to improve maternal health literacy through antenatal education: an exploratory study. Health Promotion International. 2001; 16 (4): 38 – 88. Kalichman S. C and Rompa D. Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2000; 25: 337 – 44. The World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS) for Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. who. int/whosis/data/Search. jsp? indicators=[Indicator]. Members DeWalt D. A et. al. Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004; 19: 1228 – 39. Sandiford P, Cassel J, Montenegro M and Sanchez G. The impact of women’s literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health services. Population Investigation Committee. 1995; 49 (1): 5 – 17. Health Canada. Toward a Healthy Future: Second Report on the Health of Canadians. 1999. Retrieved Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/report-rapport/toward/pdf/toward_a_healthy_english. PDF Provincial health office Aceh province. Health profile of Aceh province in 2007. Banda Aceh-Indonesia. 2007. Rahmad Y. 2008, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi. The Globe Journal Banda Aceh. 2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. theglobejournal. com/detilberita. php? id=1586 Serambi news, Di aceh masih banyak perempuan buta huruf. Serambi Indonesia. 2/12/2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from: http://www. serambinews. com/old/index. php? aksi=bacaberita&beritaid=59771&rubrik=1&topik=13 The United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Statistics Basic Indicator for Indonesia. 2007. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from: http://www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics. html.

How the World Was Made

Beginnings How The World Was Made Cheerokee, Retold by: James Mooney â€Å"The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water† Long time ago when everything was all water and suspended at the each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down holding the solid rock. When the earth grows old and dulls it’s strings will snap and the earth will sink down just to be water again. The Indians were afriad of that happening. There was all the animals above in the Galun'lati, the sky realm. They wanted more space and wondered what was below the water. The little water-beetle voluntered to seek what was below.He darted for every direction, but no firm place to rest. He went down under and gather mud, which ended up growing on every side until it because as to what we know call Earth. The animals were anxious to go down, they asked the birds to check if it wasn’t too wet and they said that it was still wet. Later, the Buzzard went down, he flew all other and got ve ry tired and his wings began to strike the ground making what we call moutains and the animals thought there would only be mountains so they called the Buzzard to come back. As it dried, it grew dark so they got the sun and set in a track to go around everyday at a specific time.They took the sun, but it was really hot so they pushed it a little further until it was the right temperature for them to look around. Under this newly found earth was another – where plants grew and seasons were different. There were streams that came down the mountains. When the season would change the water grew warmer and warmer in the fall and in the winter things grew colder and colder. When the plants and animals were made they were told to watch and keep awake for several nights and only the owl, panther and one or two were given the ower to see and to go about in the dark and made the prey of birds and animals to sleep at night. As for the trees, it was the ceder, pine, spruce, holly and the laurel who were given to be always green and to be greatest for medicine. The rest had to lose their leaves every winter. There was only one boy and one girl until he struck her a fish and said to multiply and so she did, but very rapidly that they feared that the world wounldn’t keep up and then so it was made that a women should only have one child a year and so it has been ever since.

Books for Boys Recommended by Librarians

Books for Boys Recommended by Librarians If you are looking for books for boys, from young children to tweens and teens, youll be interested in these reading lists recommended by librarians. The books on these reading lists include childrens books and young adult (YA) books that will appeal to a wide range of ages and interests. Even boys who complain they can never find anything good to read and, as a result, are reluctant readers, should be able to find books they enjoy on some of these lists. 8 Reading Lists For Boys Young Adult Books with Guy AppealTeen librarian Jennifer Kendall recommends 10 books that have proven to be very popular with teen boys. Science fiction, fantasy, action, and adventure continue to be genres that teen boys particularly like.Great Books for BoysThis article and list of books recommended for boys come  from The National Childrens Book and Literacy Alliance. It includes a list of books recommended by The Horn Book in these categories: Picture Books, Middle-Grade Fiction, Young Adult Fiction, Non-fiction Middle School/High School and Poetry.Adventures in History for BoysThis brief reading list from the Central Rappahannock Regional Library in Virginia includes cover art and a brief summary for under a dozen books of historical fiction recommended for older boys.Especially for BoysThis annotated reading list of recommended books for boys is from the St. Charles Public Library in Illinois. It includes cover art and a brief summary of 160 books recommended for boys, from p reschool age through eighth grade. To narrow your search, you can search by grade range, which is very helpful. Recommended books include Richard Pecks A Season of Gifts and several by Sharon Creech. Good Books for GuysThe Multnomah County Library in Oregon provides five reading lists, divided by grade levels: Small Fries: Pre-K, Young Guys: 1-3, Middle Guys: 4-6, Large Fries: 7-8, Older Guys: 9-12. While not annotated, the lists include cover art. Among the series recommended for boys in grades 4-6 are Percy Jackson and the Olympians.Chapter Books for BoysThis annotated reading list from the Salt Lake City Public Library in Utah includes three dozen books. The list includes Dear Mr. Henshaw by Beverly Cleary and My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George.Picture Books for BoysThe annotated reading list of 20 picture books includes  Where the Wild Things Are  by  Maurice Sendak. This is an annotated list from the Salt Lake City Public Library in Utah. Click on â€Å"check availability† to see the cover art. For General Information on Encouraging Reading Because the article covers a wide age range, all of the tips may not apply to your child. But some of the best tips include making sure your children see you reading on a regular basis, fully utilizing your public library, taking the time to help your child find books that match his interests and reading level and sharing books by reading them aloud and discussing them with your children.

Existentialism - Essay Topics

Existentialism - Essay Topics If you are studying existentialism and have an exam coming up, the best way to prepare for it is to write lots of practice essays.   Doing this helps you to recall the texts and the ideas you have studied; it helps you to organize your knowledge of these; and it often triggers original or critical insights of your own.   Here are a set of essay questions you can use.   They relate to the following classic existentialist texts:    Tolstoy, My Confession Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich Dostoyevsky, Notes from Underground Dostoyevsky, The Grand Inquisitor Nietzsche, The Gay Science Beckett, Waiting for Godot Sartre, The Wall Sartre, Nausea Sartre, Existentialism as a Humanism Sartre, â€Å"Portrait of an Anti-Semite† Kafka, A Message from the Emperor, A Little Fable, Couriers, Before the Law Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus Camus The Stranger    Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky Both Tolstoys Confession and Dostoyevskys Notes from Underground seem to reject science and rationalistic philosophy.   Why?   Explain and evaluate the reasons for the critical attitudes toward science in these two texts.    Both Tolstoy’s Ivan Ilyich (at least once he falls sick) and Dostoyevsky’s   Underground Man feel estranged from the people around them.   Why?   In what ways is the kind of isolation they experience similar, and in what ways is it different?    The underground man says that ‘to be too conscious is an illness.’   What does he mean?   What are his reasons?   In what ways does the underground man suffer from excessive consciousness?   Do you see this as the root cause of his sufferings or are there deeper problems that give rise to it?   Does Ivan Ilyich also suffer from excessive consciousness, or is his problem something different?    Both The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Notes From Underground portray individuals who feel separated from their society.   Is the isolation they experience avoidable, or is it primarily caused by the sort of society they belong to.    In the Authors Note at the beginning of Notes from Underground, the author describes the underground man as representative of a new type of person that must inevitably appear in modern society.   What aspects of the character are representative of this new type of modern individual?   Does he remain representative today in 21st century America, or has his type more or less disappeared?    Contrast what Dostoyevsky’s Grand Inquisitor says about freedom with what the Underground Man says about it.   Whose views do you most agree with?    Nietzsche, The Gay Science Tolstoy (in Confession), Dostoyevsky’s Underground Man, and Nietzsche in The Gay Science, are all critical of those who think the main goal in life should be the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.   Why?      When Nietzsche read Notes from Underground he immediately hailed Dostoyevsky as a ’kindred spirit’.   Why?    In The Gay Science, Nietzsche says: â€Å"Life- that is: being cruel and inexorable against everything about us that is growing old and weak†¦.being without reverence for those who are dying, who are wretched, who are ancient.   Ã‚  Explain, giving illustrative examples, what you think he means and why he says this.   Do you agree with him?    At the beginning of Book IV of The Gay Science, Nietzsche says all in all and on the whole: some day I wish only to be a Yes-sayer.   Explain what he means- and what he is opposing himself toby reference to issues he discusses elsewhere in the work.   How successful is he in maintaining this life-affirming stance?    Morality is herd instinct in the individual.   What does Nietzsche mean by this?   How does this statement fit in with the way he views conventional morality and his own   alternative values?    Explain in detail Nietzsche’s view of Christianity.   What aspects of Western civilization, both positive and negative, does he see as largely due to its influence?    In The Gay Science Nietzsche says: â€Å"The strongest and most evil spirits have so far done the most to advance humanity.†Ã‚   Explain, giving examples, what you think he means and why he says this.   Do you agree with him?    In The Gay Science Nietzsche seems to both criticize moralists who distrust the passions and instincts and also himself be a great advocate of self-control.   Can these two aspects of his thinking be reconciled?   If so, how?    What is Nietzsche’s attitude in The Gay Science towards the quest for truth and knowledge? Is it something heroic and admirable, or should it be viewed with suspicion as a hangover from traditional morality and religion?    Sartre Sartre famously observed that man is condemned to be free.  Ã‚   He also wrote that man is a futile passion.   Explain what these statements mean and the reasoning that lies behind them.   Would you describe the conception of humanity that emerges as optimistic or pessimistic?    Sartre’s existentialism was labeled by one critic â€Å"the philosophy of the graveyard,† and existentialism strikes many as dominated by depressing ideas and outlooks.   Why would someone think this?   And why might others disagree?   In Sartre’s thinking which tendencies do you see as depressing and which uplifting or inspiring?    In his Portrait of the anti-Semite, Sartre says the anti-Semite feels the nostalgia of impermeability.   What does this mean?   How does it help us understand anti-Semitism?   Where else in Sartres writings is this tendency examined?    The climax of Sartres novel Nausea is Roquentins revelation in the park when he contemplates.  Ã‚   What is the nature of this revelation?   Should it be described as a form of enlightenment?    Explain and discuss either Anny’s ideas about ‘perfect moments’ or Roquentin’s ideas about ‘adventures (or both).   How do these notions relate to the major themes explored in Nausea?    It has been said that Nausea presents the world as it appears to one who experiences at a deep level what Nietzsche described as the death of God.   What supports this interpretation?   Do you agree with it?    Explain what Sartre means when he says that we make our decisions and perform our actions in anguish, abandonment and despair.   Do you find his reasons for viewing human action in this way convincing?   [In answering this question, make sure you consider Sartrean texts beyond just his lecture Existentialism and Humanism]    At one point in Nausea, Roquentin says, â€Å"Beware of literature!†Ã‚   What does he mean? Why does he say this?    Kafka, Camus, Beckett Kafkas stories and parables have often praised for capturing certain aspects of the human condition in the modern age.   With reference to the parables we discussed in class, explain which features of modernity Kafka illuminates and what insights, if any, he has to offer.    At the end of ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’ Camus says that ‘one must imagine Sisyphus happy’?   Why does he say this?   Wherein lies Sisyphus’ happiness?   Does Camus’ conclusion follow logically from the rest of the essay?   How plausible do you find this conclusion?    Is Meursault. the protagonist of The Stranger,  an example of what Camus calls in ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’ an ‘absurd hero’?   Justify your answer with close reference to both the novel and the essay.    Beckett’s play Waiting for Godot, is- obviously- about waiting.   But Vladimir and Estragon wait in different way and with different attitudes.   How do their ways of waiting express different possible responses to their situation and, by implication, to what Beckett sees as the human condition?    Existentialism in general ‘The important thing is not to be cured but to live with one’s ailments’ (Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus).   Discuss this statement with reference to at least three of the following works:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Myth of Sisyphus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Gay Science   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Notes from Underground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Nausea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Waiting for Godot Do the works in question illustrate, support, or criticize the outlook expressed in Camus statement?      From Tolstoys account of his suicidal despair in his Confession to Becketts  Waiting for Godot, there is much in existentialist writing that seems to offer a bleak view of the human condition.   On the basis of the texts you have studied, would you say that existentialism is indeed, a bleak philosophy, excessively concerned with mortality and meaninglessness?   Or does it have a positive aspect also?    According to William Barrett existentialism belongs to a longstanding tradition of intense, passionate reflection on life and the human condition, yet it is also in some ways an essentially modern phenomenon.   What is it about the modern world that has given rise to existentialism?   And what aspects of existentialism are particularly modern?    Related links Life of Jean Paul Sartre Sartre - Quotations Sartres terminology Sartres concept of bad faith

Workplace code of conduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace code of conduct - Essay Example It is assessed that having ethical framework is, performing the right or moral thing when no one is looking. The implementation and fulfillment of the ethics are a personal preference and consequently, how workplace ethics are managed depend on the personal ethics of those who are in power over that place of work as well as those who work in that operational atmosphere (Ghillyer) and (Workplace-Ethics). It is significant to keep in mind that workplace codes of conduct are shaped through two significant factors. Workplace policy is the initial factor that has to be in agreement via entire laws as well as regulations that are at present in the authority where the business functions. This helps to make sure that essential workplace ethics prevent some pressure or compulsion to employ in actions that are measured to be against the law, encourage favoritism in the workplace, maintaining unfair hiring plus firing carry out or permit salary to be set that are beneath the smallest legal amou nt or the established standards for the area (Tatum). Nowadays the workplace code of conduct /ethics emerges according to the workplace environment. At the present, organizations have better code of conducts for handling all the type of situations. In company code of conduct we see all the aspects from the ethical point of view. The list of ethical conducts is developed through the analysis of the business situation and operational practice. In company we can have code of conduct regarding lot of different aspects, for examples Forced Labor, Child Labor, Harassment or Abuse, Nondiscrimination, Health and Safety, Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, Wages and Benefits, Hours of Work and Overtime Compensation (Fairlabor). . For instance, code of conduct for Ubunto available at: http://www.ubuntu.com/community/conduct The above given aspects and codes of conduct seem to fulfill all the areas of

Case study analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Case study analysis - Research Paper Example ere in one an employee when given a task happily accepted (according to Fred but not in reality) just to come back on the deadline without finishing it and saying he had never thought it was possible to finish that in week’s ( stipulated) time ( Black, p. 3,4). In the second instance Fred was not able to understand why the meeting he had with a Japanese client did not progress despite his best efforts (from American point of view). The problems were not confined to his professional life only, his family specifically his wife was not comfortable in the new society as she had got tired of having no neighbors to talk to, being stared by people on the road, facing difficulty locating places and finding difficult to purchase the items of interest ( Black, p. 4). The problems were actually caused by their lack of understanding of the Japanese culture. Bailey Fred and his wife had very little time to prepare themselves for the cultural differences that were coming their way. Fred bei ng high on assertiveness (Javidan and House 2001, p. 289-305) , individualism, and low on power distance (Hofstede Models ) could not understand that Japanese values are different from American values and thus the business conduct in Japan had to be different that in America. The report applies MBI approach using Hofstede and Globe (Javidan and House 2001, p. 289-305) Mapping: The personality of Bailey and several others were the main reason for the problems. Fred Bailey was individualistic, assertive, and able to deal with high uncertainty which all were less appreciated in Japan and thus less appreciated by his Japanese employees and Japanese clients. Integrating – Fred must take several steps to ensure that his employees get enough opportunities to participate and discuss to integrate both the cultures. Towards this goal he must organize several programs for his employees to develop cross cultural understanding to foster participation and trust among each other. Fred Bailey was

ICT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ICT - Assignment Example The cases related to sell of software is controlled by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Furthermore, law of digital contracts is evolving worldwide at a significant pace. It can be stated that contract law or law in general is not static. Instead, laws are often quite dynamic that involve in responding to new occurrence and innovation (Schwanzer, 2007). Based on the above mentioned statement, this report intends to discuss whether software is to be classified as goods or services by taking into concern the notion of contract law along with its various implications. Discussion Specially mentioning, consumers engaged in buying software are not generally entitled to enjoy the same rights as in the case of purchasing tangible products. In this regard, it can be stated that software is a term, which is often used to describe the collection of instruction and data that facilitate computers to function in an effective manner. Evidently, computers are redundant without proper app lication of software. This implies that computers are unable to perform tasks in an effective manner without the installation of software. From the legal perspective, software is notable for two major reasons. The first major reason can be related with its unique characteristics, revealing that software is not similar to any conventional law. The second major reason can be noted as that despite the widespread use of software in the modern commercial arena, it does not have any distinct legal entity. Correspondingly, there is no specific manner through which legal treatment should be implemented to resolve software related disputes. Thus, this uncertainty largely raises a question, whether software should be considered or to be classified as goods or services (Green & Saidov, 2007). The lack of precision, surrounding the legal principle of software can be regarded as both commercially inconvenient and conceptually arbitrary. The buyers of software often possess the similar expectatio n of rights, while purchasing other items that are recognized under the law. However, in the recent time, the refusal to consider software as goods or services can be identified as the failure of law to protect the expectation and the interest of the buyers of software. Correspondingly, the two product related aspects i.e. â€Å"tangibility† and â€Å"movability’ determine the characteristics of software (Green & Saidov, 2007). In this similar context, â€Å"tangibility† is commonly defined as possessing a physical form or being able to be perceived by senses. It can be argued that this notion acted as the stumbling block towards considering software as goods. The relevancy of â€Å"tangibility† for adjudging software as a good can be ascertained owing to the reason that most of the legal system defines the sales of contract as a sort of agreement, which is associated with the transfer of property in goods in exchange of money, denoted as price. Conseque ntly, such transfer generally requires transfer of possession (Green & Saidov, 2007). However, in the case of possession of intangible service, both civil and common law signifies that possession of intangible is not possible and also cannot be owned. However, software can be acquired and possessed, making it tangible. Similarly, the aspect of â€Å"

Biodegradation of HCB

Biodegradation of HCB 1-2-1- Degradation of HCB under anaerobic condition: In the past decade, the usage of HCB prohibited in many country but HCB has been found as hazardous pollutants in many places worldwide. Biodegradation of HCB is possible in environmental under anaerobic conditions such as sodium, groundwater and soil but the progress is very slowly (Beurskens and others, 1992; Chang and others, 1997). Some reports documented about biodegradation in sediments (Chen and others, 2002; Chen and others, 2004; Hirano and others, 2007; Pavlostathis and Prytula, 2000; Prytula and Pavlostathis, 1996), soil (Watanabe and Yoshikawa, 2008). Degradation of CLD[2] in anaerobic sewage sludge was reported by (Fathepure and others, 1988), The authors observed greater than 90% pesticide removal after 3 weeks. The only Three strains of bacteria capability of degrading Hexachlorobenzene via reductive dechlorination have been isolated (TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011), that including Dehalobium chlorocoercia DF-1 (Wu and others, 2002), Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1 and Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 (Adrian and others, 2000; Fennell and others, 2004; TasÃÅ' §, 2009; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2009).      1-2-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Anaerobic degradation reductive dechlorination of HCB was first reported in 1987 (Fathepure and others, 1988). So far, the pathway that is known for the microbial degradation of HCB under anaerobic canditions by coupling reductive dehalogenation to electron transport (Beurskens and others, 1994; Chen and others, 2000; Hirano and others, 2007; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011). Chlorinated aromatics can serve as electron acceptors (Fathepure and others, 1988). Reductive dechlorination pathways is shown in figure 1 and HCB were dechlorinated via 1,2,3,5-and 1,2,4,5-tetrachIorobenzene (TeCB), 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-TCB , 1,2,4-TCB[3] and 1,3-DCB[4] . they are final dechlorination products (Beurskens and others, 1992; Boyd and others, 1987; Fathepure and others, 1988; Holliger and others, 1992). 1-3- Biodegradation of DDT[5] 1-3-1- Degradation of DDT under anaerobic condition: DDT was the first synthetic insecticide. Nowadays, use of this persistent organic pollutants is prohibited in most countries, but still DDT is ubiquitous in the environment all (Purnomo and others, 2011; Sudharshan and others, 2012). DDT can be biodegradation or mineralized by multistep processes in both aerobic and anaerobic condition. For example sediments capibilty of utilizing persistent pesticides and degradation even mineralized by aerobic and anaerobic degradation (Fang and others, 2014). Thus far, species within the genera Pseudomonas (Chacko and Lockwood, 1967; Kamanavalli and Ninnekar, 2004), Sphingomonas (Chacko and Lockwood, 1967; Fang and others, 2014), Desulfomonile tiedjei (DeWeerd and others, 1990) and Eubacterium limosum (ATCC 8486) is isolated from the human intestine (Yim and others, 2008), and Alcaligenes denitrificans (Ahuja and Kumar, 2003)‎ have been found to metabolize DDT. (Corona-Cruz and others, 1999), reported anaerobic coupled with aerobic biodegrad ation of DDT and maximum DDT degradation of 84.4 %. 1-3-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Biodegradation pathway of DDT is multistep process in anaerobic environment, involving reductive dechlorination, dioxygenation, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, hydrolysis (a major transformation pathway in soil and water in the presence of H2O, H+, and OH ¯ ), and meta-ring cleavage reactions. Biodegradation pathway of DDT is multistep process in anaerobic environment involving reductive dechlorination such as three degradation step (DDT→DDD,DDE[6]), hydrogenation, dioxygenation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation and meta-ring cleavage reactions(Rangachary and others, 2012). That is different from the degradation pathways for anaerobic biodegradation but high-order metabolites such as DDA, DDOH[7] and DDNU (Aislabie and others, 1997). (Wedemeyer, 1967), reported first metabolic pathways for DDT by aerobacter aerogenes that shown at the bottom: DDT → DDD[8] →DDMU[9] →DDMS[10] → DDNU[11] → DDA[12] → DBP[13], or DDT → DDE. Researches were lack of information about DDT degradation. Later, (Planche and others, 1979) indicted DDE could be degraded to DDMU by a microcosm under anaerobic sediments.biodegradation pathway in sediment shown on figure 2. DDT and its metabolites in the sediment: DDT →DDD → DDMS and DDE → DDMU (Li and others, 2010; Quensen and others, 2001; Sudharshan and others, 2012) and the relative transformation rates of DDT, DDE, and DDD is DDT>DDD>DDE (Huang and others, 2001), so DDD was the major biodegradation product of DDT under anaerobic environments (Mwangi and others, 2010; Yu and others, 2011). DDT metabolic reports in human intestinal gut by (Yim and others, 2008), that Eubacterium limosum transformed DDT completely to DDD and used DDT as electron donors. 1-4- Biodegradation of heptachlor 1-4-1- Degradation of heptachlor under anaerobic condition Anaerobic degradation reductive dechlorination of HCB was first reported in 1987 (Fathepure and others, 1988). So far, the pathway that is known for the microbial degradation of HCB under anaerobic canditions by coupling reductive dehalogenation to electron transport (Beurskens and others, 1994; Chen and others, 2000; Hirano and others, 2007; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011). Chlorinated aromatics can serve as electron acceptors (Fathepure and others, 1988). Reductive dechlorination pathways is shown in figure 1 and HCB were dechlorinated via 1,2,3,5-and 1,2,4,5-tetrachIorobenzene (TeCB), 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-TCB , 1,2,4-TCB[3] and 1,3-DCB[4] . they are final dechlorination products (Beurskens and others, 1992; Boyd and others, 1987; Fathepure and others, 1988; Holliger and others, 1992). Heptachlor used as insecticide. Heptachlor is mostly persistent in environment (Sakai and others, 2008). Under anaerobic conditions, heptachlor is showed only limited conversion (Hill and McCarty, 1967). T he data available on this substance indicate that heptachlor is degraded for more than several years in soil (Lichtenstein and others, 1970; Mahugija, 2014; Miles and others, 1969). (Sethunathan and Yoshida, 1973), this paper is a research about Clostridium sp. that isolated from flooded soil for degradation ÃŽ ³-BHC and heptachlor. 1-4-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Biotransformation of heptachlor is not easy and simple but occur in both situations anaerobic and aerobic, mainly to the stable heptachlor epoxide (Lichtenstein and others, 1970). (Hayashi and others, 2013) , have reported that heptachlor was degraded a small amount to heptachlor epoxide in soil. Figure3 shown this degradation pathway. 1-5- Biodegradation of endrin and dieldrin 1-5-1-Degradation of endrin and dieldrin under anaerobic condition Of the year 1960s began studies on biodegradation of endrin and dieldrin that more researches were reported about the aerobic biodegradation (Matsumoto and others, 2009). Biodegradation of dieldrin and endrin was reviewed in 2007 and 1982 (Lal and Saxena, 1982; Matsumoto and others, 2009). (GOWDA and Sethunathan, 1977), studied that endrin proceeded under anaerobic conditions in three soils by radiotracer technique. Thay have reported anaerobic microbial strains could degrade various types of POPs such as ,heptachlor, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin and HCB. These strains isolated from PCB-contaminated sediment. (Baczynski and others, 2004), reported that methanogenic granular sludge could dechlorination of cyclodiene pesticides such as dieldrin and endrin.(Baczynski and others, 2004), studied methanogenic granular sludge with purpose dechlorinate dieldrin and endrin. Biodegradation studies under anaerobic conditions are summarized in Table 2. 1-5-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Deldrin has simple mechanism reported by (Maule and others, 1987) that is the deletion of the chlorine atom from chlorinated hydrocarbon. (Chiu and others, 2005), reported cleaving the epoxide ring by a mechanism of epoxide reduction by anaerobic enrichment culture obtained from river sediment. So, they are the Transformation of deldrin to aldrin then aldrin is converted to two syn- and anti-monodechlorodieldrin metabolites by epoxide reduction. Researches show only two monochlorinated metabolites of endrin under anaerobic transformation so it can say bacteria have a catalyzed role in reductive dehalogenation (Matsumoto and others, 2009). 1-6- Biodegradation of lindane and HCH-isomers 1-6-1-Degradation of lindane and HCH-isomers under anaerobic condition Lindane and the other HCH isomers have been used in agriculture as a pesticide. There are little knowledge about anaerobic HCH degradation. It has not been reporte on the anaerobic biodegradation of the ÃŽ µ –HCH (Lal and others, 2010). While the four HCH isomers can degrade under anaerobic conditions .Thus far, species within the genera Dehalobacter (Doesburg and others, 2005), Clostridium spp (Jagnow and others, 1977; MacRae and others, 1969), Bacillus circulans and Bacillus Brevis (Gupta and others, 2000) and two Desulfovibrio species (Boyle and others, 1999), Citrobacter (such as ,C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii) (Heritage and MacRae, 1977; Heritage and Rae, 1977), Desulfococcus (Elango and others, 2011) and Desulfobacter curvatus (Badea and others, 2009) have been found to metabolize the lindane and HCH-isomers. (Van Eekert and others, 1998), have studied, capable of degrading beta-HCH using a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with methanogenic granular sludges. A number of studies have utilized for degradation isomer-HCH of anaerobic mixed bacterial culture such as (Kohnen and others, 1975) that mixed culture consisting of Bacilli. Mixed culture Clostridia and C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii. Thay are shown degradation rate in the following order ÃŽ ³-HCH > ÃŽ ±-HCH > ÃŽ ²-HCH = ÃŽ ´-HCH (Jagnow and others, 1977). (Pesce and Wunderlin, 2004) isolated bacteria from sediment and have used in aerobic mixed bacterial culture including Bosea thiooxidans and Sphingobacterium paucimobilis, degraded HCH after 3 days. 1-6-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of anaerobic Dechlorination the mechanism of biotransformation of HCH-isomer and lindane under anaerobic condition is explained with detection of intermediates substance of the presumed pathway. According to papers and reports, intermediates of HCH such as TeCCHs[16], PeCCHs[17] , PCCHa[18] (Buser and Mueller, 1995). (Tsukano and Kobayashi, 1972), abserved TeCCH flooded rice field soils treated with lindan but this intermediates was not found in soils treated with sodium azide or in soils without lindane treatment. suggested two degradation pathway for HCH isomers under anaerobic conditions, Based upon identify the intermediates material gama-, alfa-HCH → PCCHa (with a dechlorination) → 1,2-DCB[19] → 1,3-DCB→ finally CB for ÃŽ ²- and ÃŽ ´-HCH → TeCCH → 1,2,3-TCB → 1,2-DCB → 1,4-DCB → CB[20] The other Simpler pathway for the reductive dehalogenation of HCH is: HCH → TeCCH → dichlorocyclohexadiene ( DCCH) → finally benzene (Doesburg and others, 2005; Lal and others, 2010). Most papers of anaerobic degradation reported the accumulation of benzene and chlorobenzene (Buser and Mueller, 1995; Middeldorp and others, 1996; Zhu and others, 2005). that Figure3 shown this pathways. 1-7- Biodegradation of Methoxychlor 1-7-1-Degradation of Methoxychlor under anaerobic condition Methoxychlor [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl) ethane] is a hazardous substance and stable for this reason, is one of POPs. Methoxychlor have a half-life : Enterobacter amnigenus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis,Klebsiella terrigena, Mycobacterium obuense, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Achromobacter. Biodegradation studies of OCPs under anaerobic conditions are summarized in Table 2. Figure 3v: Proposed pathway for anaerobic biodegradation of HCH under a) alfa- HCH b) gama and beta- HCH (Doesburg and others, 2005; Lal and others, 2010) 1-7-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of anaerobic Dechlorination Microbial species and pathway dechlorination of methoxychlor in the environment are not well-known or there are few reports (Castro and Yoshida, 1971; Masuda and others, 2011b). Enterobacter aerogenes were capable of degrading methoxychlor to DMDD [21] under anaerobic conditions (Mendel and Walton, 1966). Eubacterium limosum is a bacteria from human intestine that has been able degrades of methoxychlor to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(pmethoxyphenyl) ethane (methoxydichlor) (Yim and others, 2008). Also, K. pneumoniae converts methoxychlor to [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane, de-Cl-MXC] (Baarschers and others, 1982). [1] hexachlorobenzene (HCB) [2] Chlordane (CLD) [3] -trichlorobenzene (TCB) [4] 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) [5] 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) [6] 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) [7] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH) [8] 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) [9] 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU) [10] 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDMS) [11] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDNU) [12] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA) [13] 4,4-dichlorobenzophenone (DBP) [14] Removal and rate [15] Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) [16] tetrachlorocyclohexenes (TeCCHs) [17] pentachlorocyclohexenes (PeCCHs) [18] pentachlorocyclohexanes (PCCHa) [19] dichlorobenzene (DCB ) [20] Chlorobenzene [21] bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1–dichloroethane (DMDD)